In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three GENOTYPES of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all GENOTYPES. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest YIELD (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain YIELD and YIELD components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain YIELD (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain YIELD per hectare had the highest correlation with plant YIELD (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

In this study 35 Rosa damascena Mill. GENOTYPES was evaluated based on FLOWER YIELD and components phenological and morphological characteristics. The trial was carried out in the fields of Fadak Botanical Garden in Dezful (affiliated to Research Institute of Forest and Rengelands) Iran. The experiment was conducted under design in randomized complete blocksdesign with three replicates during 2005-2006. GENOTYPES showed significant differences for FLOWER number, per plant, FLOWER number per m2 FLOWER YIELD per plant petal number FLOWER fresh weight FLOWER dry weight FLOWER diameter plant height canopy leaflet area leaflet fresh weight leaflet dry weight and leaflet area/weight ratio (P<0.01), and FLOWER dry matter percentage (P<0.05). The comparison of means was done using Duncan s test. The Comparison classified the GENOTYPES in different groups. In correlation analysis showed significant relations between traits important in GENOTYPES (P<0.01), positively correlated (r=0.97) FLOWER YIELD with FLOWER number per plant, FLOWER number per plant with FLOWER number m2 (r=1.00) and plant height with canopy (r=0.67). The evaluation from obtained results showed variety in FLOWER YIELD and components between GENOTYPES exsiting in country. The measure FLOWER YIELD per plant and FLOWER number per plant in the study showed positive correlation and relative significant. It can be used as important traits in evaluation of criterions and selection of GENOTYPES.

In order to evaluate the relationship of FLOWER YIELD per plant and YIELD components in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and with 35 GENOTYPES of Rosa damascena, in Kashan dry land and desert research station. Fourteen characters of morphological and YIELDing were measured. FLOWER YIELD per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with fresh weight of FLOWER, FLOWER YIELD per branch, number of FLOWER per branch and plant height, but with bud length had a significant negative correlation. Result of stepwise regression analysis for FLOWER YIELD per plant showed that fresh weight per FLOWER and number of FLOWER per plant entered the model, respectively, and justified 90 percent of total variation of FLOWER YIELD per plant. Factor analysis revealed 5 factors which justified 83.2 percent of the total variation among characters. In the first factor, traits of number of FLOWERs per branch, FLOWER YIELD per branch, canopy diameter, number of FLOWER per plant, length of receptacle and FLOWERing time had greater loadings and was named FLOWER YIELDing factor. Path analysis showed that number of FLOWER per plant, fresh weight of FLOWER and FLOWER YIELD per stem had the highest direct effects on FLOWER YIELD per plant, therefore, this research suggest the number of FLOWERs per plant, fresh weight per FLOWER and number of FLOWERs per branch can be good selection criteria for improving FLOWER YIELD per plant in Rosa damascene.

Rosa damascena Mill. GENOTYPES from different areas of Iran were cultivated at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, using a three replicated randomized complete blocks design. 11 GENOTYPES were compared based on FLOWER YIELD and morphological characteristics, including plant height, canopy, spine density, spine length, branch angel and leaf number. Evaluation of the obtained data was performed using ANOVA, mean classification and correlation analysis. GENOTYPES showed significant differences in terms of the measured traits. Comparison of means, classified the GENOTYPES in 3, 4 and 3 groups, based on FLOWER YIELD, FLOWER number, and average FLOWER weight, respectively. Also, the GENOTYPES were classified in different groups, based on morphological characteristics. The results also indicated that there is a good relationship between some of the measured traits, particularly between YIELD and number of FLOWERs. It could be concluded from the results of different analyses that although the GENOTYPES could be grouped based on geographical origins, FLOWER YIELD and number and some of the morphological characteristics could be used as appropriate selection factors for classification of damask rose GENOTYPES, in order to use in breeding programs.

Extended Abstract Background and objectives: FLOWER YIELD in Rosa damascena is a complex trait that is affected by many traits and environmental factors. Therefore, studying the relationships among traits can be an essential step in selection to improve FLOWER YIELD. Path analysis by identifying the main components of YIELD with a high direct effect plays an important role in the selection success, especially indirect selections through YIELD components. Due to the lack of resources in this regard, the present research aims to identify and determine the effective traits in FLOWER YIELD, estimate the relationships among traits, and analyze the causality to identify their direct and indirect effects on FLOWER YIELD via path analysis. Methodology:The GERMPLASM used in this research included 49 GENOTYPES of Rosa damascena Mill.) belonging to different regions of Iran. One-year saplings of the GENOTYPES were planted in April 2004 in the Zaleh research station, Sanandaj (Kurdistan province, Iran), based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and three plants in each plot with three meters of planting distance. Irrigation of the field was carried out in drip form for 15 days. The investigated morphological traits (plant height, number of FLOWERs, etc.) in 2008 were measured on a 5-year old plant, and for the phenological traits (days until leaf opening, FLOWER opening, etc.) the average of three years (2006 to 2008) was used. Data variance analysis was done based on RCBD design. Phenotypic correlation among traits was estimated, and path analysis was done in three steps of estimation of direct, indirect and residual effects of traits on FLOWER YIELD. Results:The results showed significant differences (p≤0.01) among the GENOTYPES for studying traits. The correlations of phonological traits with FLOWER YIELD (FY) were significantly negative, while its relationships with morphological traits were significantly positive. The results of path analysis showed that the number of FLOWERs per plant (FN) and fresh FLOWER weight (with the direct effects of P=0.97** and P=0.33**, respectively, and residual effects of R=0.195) were the main components of FLOWER YIELD. The total green surface of the plant (TGS) and plant crown diameter (with the direct effects of P=0.56** and P=0.28*, respectively, and R=0.395) were the main components of FN. Also, the number of leaves per plant and average leaf area (with the direct effects of P=1.02** and P=0.085*, respectively, and R=0.237) were the main components of TGS. Conclusion:Thus, FN and FFW can be used in indirect selections for FY improvement in Rosa damascena. The other studied traits affected FY indirectly via FN mainly (phonological traits negatively and morphological traits positively). Although the correlation of the height and crown diameter of the plant with FY was positive and very significant, the direct effects of the supplementary stages and the causality analysis sequence showed that the crown diameter (horizontal growth) is more effective than its height (vertical growth) in the reproductive processes of the rose. In other words, the GENOTYPES with higher FLOWER YIELD usually rise up to a certain height and spread leaves after that.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 GENOTYPES were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the YIELD components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% FLOWERing can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of FLOWERing were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

To evaluate the FLOWER performance and its components in terms of morphological traits, 10 GENOTYPES of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill. ), have been cultivated in randomized complete blocks with three replications in a research field in Golpayegan city and studied in 2013. The results of means comparisons showed that for YIELD per plant, Yazd2 and Khuzestan GENOTYPES had the highest and lowest value, respectively. Esfahan4 genotype was the superior for oil YIELD/hec. Significant correlations were observed between the characteristics. Positive and significant correlation between plant height and number of FLOWERs with YIELD per plant were the most important. The results showed significant differences among GENOTYPES for all evaluated traits, but for the qualities of essential oils and petals of the FLOWER weight ratio. In cluster Analysis, the studied GENOTYPES were divided into four groups.

In order to study the genetic variation in Rosa damascene Mill., an experiment was conducted in at the experimental field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Eleven GENOTYPES were evaluated, using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. FLOWER YIELD, FLOWER number, FLOWER weight, plant height, canopy, branch angel, leaf number, spine density and spine length, were analyzed, using analysis of variance, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. The results of variance analysis showed significant differences among GENOTYPES for all of the traits, indicating a considerable genetic variation in GERMPLASM available in Iran. Using principal component analysis, the first three components determined 68.43% of the total variation. According to cluster analysis, GENOTYPES could be grouped into 3 clusters, based on multivariate analysis of 14 classification variables. GENOTYPES in cluster 1 averaged well above the overall mean for productivity and the other characteristics.

In order to determination of appropriate stability parameters, the FLOWER YIELDs of 35 Rosa damascena GENOTYPES in eight regions of Iran (Kurdistan, Hamedan, Kerman, Fars, Khuzestan, Isfahan, Markazi, and Khorasan) were evaluated for two years (2007-2008) using randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences (P≤0.01) were observed for FLOWER YIELD among GENOTYPES (G), locations (L), environments (E), and also for genotype× location (GL) and genotype× environment (GE) interactions. The stable and adaptable GENOTYPES with some static concepts of stability parameters such as environmental variance (S2) and regression coefficient (b ≈ 0) had low YIELD, but with environmental coefficient of variation (CVE) had high performance. The stable GENOTYPES according to Eberhart and Russell model and the concept of stability dynamics (bi ≈ 1, ∑ Sdi2 ≈ 0, and high Ῡi) had moderate to high FLOWER YIELDs. According to the superiority index (P), high YIELDing GENOTYPES were determined as compatible (stable in location). The stable GENOTYPES with the lowest year by location (YL) variance had the lowest FLOWERs YIELD. The FLOWER YIELD was positively correlated with S2, b and MSY/L (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with superiority index (P) and CVE (p<0.01). Based on both FLOWER YIELD and stability, it was found that GENOTYPES of Yazd 2, Isfahan 5, Isfahan 8, Isfahan 4, and Khuzestan 1 had high FLOWER YIELD, stability, and general adaptation over locations. The GENOTYPES Isfahan 9 and Isfahan 7 had high FLOWER YIELD, stability, and specific adaptation with semi-arid and arid areas and also the genotype of Isfahan7 had high FLOWER YIELD, stability and specific adaptation with semi temperate and cold areas in Iran. It was concluded that a genotype can demonstrate both static and dynamic stability with a high FLOWER YIELD at the same time. In addition, coefficient of variation (CV), statistics regression (b ≈ 1, Sd2≈ 0), and superiority index (P) suggested as desirable parameters to evaluate different aspects (static and dynamic) of FLOWER YIELD in R. damascena.

To investigate genetic diversity in Rosa damascena Mill. GENOTYPES from central regions of Iran, seventeen accessions were analyzed. An experiment was carried out; using a three replicated randomized complete blocks design, at the experimental field in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. Principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were applied. Data were collected and analyzed for FLOWER YIELD and also morphological traits, including FLOWER number, single FLOWER weight and dry matter percentage of FLOWER, plant height and canopy, branch angel, FLOWER number per branch, leaf number, leaflet length and width and thorn density and length. The results showed significant differences among GENOTYPES for all of the traits. Significant phenotypeic correlations were also observed among different traits, especially between FLOWER YIELD and number. Using principal components analysis, the first three components determined 61.64 % (25.96%, 20.51% and 15.176%, respectively) of the total variation. The highest special values for FLOWER YIELD and number belonged to the first component, based on which Yazd accession could be selected for this trait. Cluster analysis classified the GENOTYPES in 4 groups, based on the traits under study. It could be concluded from the results that there is a significant genetic variation in Rosa' damascena GERMPLASM originated from central regions of Iran. Also, the highest heterosis could be achieved, through combining GENOTYPES in the first and fourth groups.